The Consequences Of The Abortion Pill - 1160 Words

I think there should be a way out of your mistakes if you want there to be. I don’t think facing the consequences for your actions is always the best thing to do. A lot of people will argue that a baby isn’t a mistake but it is a miracle from god or just a miracle. I agree that babies are beautiful gifts. I also believe there’s a wrong and right time to have a baby. Even though your child was a surprise or an accident and everything for you turned out fine, that’s not always the case for others. Since 1973 1,500,000 babies have been aborted each year. There are two kinds of abortions. One is an actual in-clinic abortion where the doctors will physically remove the fetus themselves and the other is an abortion pill. The abortion pill†¦show more content†¦So many people argue that it in fact is not her body but it is the baby s body. I see where both sides are coming from. Although it’s another body inside another I still personally feel itâ €™s a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy for it’s her body and her right to as she pleases to it. It’s an empowering right for a woman to have full and complete control over her and her own body. More importantly a woman should have the right to terminate her pregnancy due to the fact of the possibility that that child was conceived through rape or incest. A woman should never have to give birth or raise a child that was forced upon her. Abortions had by victims of rape only account for .5% of the United States’ abortions. Although the percentage of abortions that happen because of rape victims is very slim it still should be an option to all women who may ever need this. Carrying the child of a man who forced sexual intercourse upon a woman could be very emotionally detrimental to her mental health. Depending on how the woman feels about it she should have right to make that choice for her own sake. Furthermore, a woman who is carrying a child with a major disability should have every right to determine whether she wants to carry this child full term or to terminate the pregnancy. Raising a kid that would barely ever be able to function in life is a very challenging, 24 hour 7 days a week, task. Who knows what the outcome would be anyway. Some children withShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legal?911 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion, to some it is the murder of an innocent fetus with a heartbeat. To others it is considered an option to be freed from the responsibilities of parenthood. We all have different views that can be controversial to the opinions of others. Yet, there are proven facts and cases where making abortion illegal is the best decision. Propaganda for Prolife is everywhere, but is there enough to show the world how wrong abortion is? I believe there is not, yet there are some very emotional advertisementsRead MoreThe Morning After Pill Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesMorning After Pill The morning after pill has been discussed among a lot of people but do most people know what this pill does. Studies have shown that mifepristone also known as the morning after pill to be 95 percent effective at terminating early pregnancy. Also, doctors who are trained to determine the duration of the pregnancy can only distribute the morning after pill. Physicians can also use mifpristone to provide a surgical abortion in the event that the pill fails. Abortions with mifepristoneRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue989 Words   |  4 Pagesaverage total of abortions performed annually in America (operationrescue.org). Abortion is a very controversial issue in the United States and all across the globe. First, I will discuss the different types of abortion. Next, I will explain when the abortions are performed. Then, I will share some of the laws regarding abortion in the United States. Finally, I will express my views on abortion. Abortion should be illegal in all states. First, I will discuss the various types of abortion. There are threeRead MoreAbortion - Argumentative Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ‘ABORTION Our world today is full of unsolved, devisive and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong ‘yes and ‘no, or ‘good and ‘bad side. Like the Chinese Yin and Yang sign, abortion has a very prominent ‘black and ‘white side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside toRead More Should the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter?1374 Words   |  6 PagesShould the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter? Last Tuesday, advisors to the Food and Drug administration voted to make the morning-after pill available over-the-counter (1). The FDA has not yet acted on this recommendation (1). The morning-after pill is the vernacular term for emergency contraception, specifically, two pills with the commercial name, Plan B, which have the ability to inhibit and, depending on ones perspective, possibly to terminate unwanted pregnancies. TheRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of abortion is quite simple. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often done within the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Any life is precious, no matter if it is wanted nor unwanted. The way that a woman’s body can change within a few weeks and how much a baby can develop is pretty magical. When a couple have intercourse, they obviously know the consequences. Consequences being that if you do not use protection then a baby will be the outcome. Abortion is im moralRead MorePersuasive Essay On Birth Control1097 Words   |  5 PagesMellissa Kelley speaks in Prevention about the time she was denied birth control from her doctor: â€Å"‘She told me she couldn’t in good faith prescribe the Pill anymore,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Bollinger). Doctors are given the right to deny birth control to women, but it shouldn’t be allowed just because of a biased opinion. Another instance where a woman was biased towards the pill was when Julee Lacey was denied contraception while picking up her prescription at CVS because her pharmacist told her, â€Å"‘I personally don’t believeRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Topic Of The World For Decades Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion has been a controversial topic of the world for decades. In 1973, Roe v. Wade, a Supreme Court case, made abortion legal. During this case, Roe, a single woman, wanted an abortion in Texas. At this time, Texas had a law that women could only have an abortion if the pregnancy endangered their life. However, Roe’s life was not put at risk by any means. Wade, the Dallas County district attorney, argued that an abortion was prohibited. Roe established that abortion was found in the ConstitutionRead MoreKendra Shipley. Ms. Carico. Senior English. 8 May 2017.1559 Words   |  7 Pagesnot teen pregnancies lead to abortions or children developing a mental or learning disability. The ability for a teenager to obtain birth control is the first vital step to providing a stoppage in the horrific consequences that result from unprotected teen sex. Most people are unaware of what birth control really is and what it does. â€Å"The birth control pill is a hormonal method of birth control that prevents ovulation, the release of an egg from a female’s ovary. The pill protects only against pregnancyRead MoreAbortion is Murder Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy. It has been going on for many centuries. No one knows when the first abortion was because many of them were never documented. Approximately half of the women in the United States have had at least one pregnancy that they aborted (â€Å"Abortion In†). In the 1820s there were laws forbidding abortion after fourth month of pregnancy. Many feminist, such as Susan B. Anthony are against abortion. Susan B. Anthony was an American civil rights leader in the 19th century

Korean and Vietnam Wars - 2513 Words

The Korean War would be a radical step in fighting wars, as well as the feelings people had toward the war. All wars in American History fought before the Korean War were based on either national survival or the gain of territory. A strong conflict was created between the Soviet Union and the United States. From this conflict, tension was so strong that wars were fougt in the midst of this Cold War. The Korean War was the first America ever waged that was not fought for national survival, for territory, for manifest destiny or for hegemony. Korea was the first ideological war; (Coppel, 505). For example the American revolution was based on national survival. The people of the thirteen colonies wanted a nation in which they were†¦show more content†¦Mao ZeDong need to clear the U.S. forces because of many reasons or China would be in chaos. U.S. forces occupied most of the Yalu river, if this remained, the northeastern defense force of China would be pinned down, Southern Manchuria had hydroelectric plants in the North Korea which could be controlled by U.S. forces. As a result, international and domestic rioting would occur, also the question would arise of whether communistic society that china was using was better then the capitalistic democracy that the United States was using. The Vietnam War was similar in that it was caused by the conflicting ideals of communistic and capitalistic societies, and which would prove to be a better choice. The difference between the two wars was that in Korea, the ideals of communism were already thought to be the better choice by the North Vietnamese, where as in Vietnam the people were divided in what they thought. In both contries the south was based upon a capitalistic economy. South Vietnam was influenced to a capitalistic democracy from all of the United States which was aiding it in the war effort. Northern Vietnam was much the opposite. They already had a one party dictatorship in place and favored a communistic one because of the influence of their supporters. The Vietnam war was mainly a child of the Cold War between Russia and America. Northern Vietnam was receiving large benefits from the Soviet Union. They were shipped guns,Show MoreRelatedKorean War On The Vietnam War Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pages T he Korean War, which triggered intense conflict between Soviet Union and the United States, was the first â€Å"hot war† in the Cold War era. It altered American Foreign policy from its root and also brought huge change in the international relations. In this paper, the international background of the Korean War and US foreign policy before the Korean War will be explained firstly. Next, the reason, process and aspects of the Korean War will be discussed. After the notice of the background of the KoreanRead More Korean And Vietnam Wars Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Korean War would be a radical step in fighting wars, as well as the feelings people had toward the war. All wars in American History fought before the Korean War were based on either national survival or the gain of territory. A strong conflict was created between the Soviet Union and the United States. From this conflict, tension was so strong that wars were fougt in the midst of this Cold War. The Korean War was the first America ever waged that was not foughtRead MoreSocial Differences Of The Korean War And Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 Pagescause of many wars. These two major wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, not only had serious impact within the country, but also give a prime example of how similar and different between the two. Both wars were commenced similarly from its conflict with expansion of a communist government and the involvement of the United States. Differences came from the involvement of the United Nation and the outcome of both wars. The similarity between the two wars is the the factorRead MoreKorean and Vietnam War Comparison Essay2108 Words   |  9 PagesThe Korean and Vietnam war are very similar in that both were the USs attempt to fight communism by waging war in a distant third world country. Both wars were unpopular in the US and both led to a lack of victory. In fact, remarkable similarities exist between the Korean War and the Vietnam War; from the US support of a dictatorial and corrupt anti-communist regime to its conception of communism as a monolithic entity, under which all communist nations were necessarily allies, rather than individualsRead MoreComparison of the Practices and Strategies Utilized in the Korean and Vietnam Wars922 Words   |  4 PagesComparison of the Practices and Strategies Utilized in the Korean and Vietnam Wars Two of the greatest battles which were fought by similar foes were those of the Korean and Vietnamese wars. Both conflicts involved a communist and capitalist participant(s) which had their own ideals and reasons for why to include themselves into such conflicts. There are also other similarities other than the opponents in these wars, such as the military tactics and strategies which wereRead MoreComparing Military Operations In Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War, and Korean War1224 Words   |  5 Pagesdepended upon the overall political and military objectives of each individual conflict. The United States first three hot wars after the end of World War II display the marked difference in US objectives and the operations used to achieve them better than any other modern wars in which American troops participated. By and large the Korean War, Vietnam War, and Persian Gulf War had virtually no similarities, particularly in the ways in which each was fought. These differences lay largely in the technologyRead MoreEssay on Vietnam and Korean Wars Ruined Americas Image566 Words   |  3 PagesThe Vietnam War and Korean War greatly changed America forever. It was the longest war fought in America’s history, lasting from 1950 to 1973. Both of the Wars ruined America’s self-image by waging war against the people of Korea and Vietnam becoming the first time in history the United States failed to accomplish its stated war aims, to preserve a separate, independent, non-communist government. The elections had great effects on the America, as the communist parties of Korea and Vietnam led millionsRead More Evaluating the Success of Americas Policy of Containment of Communism1031 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategy of the US in the early years of the Cold war. The policy was to defeat the Soviet Union by preventing it from expanding the territories under its Communist control or otherwise extending its influence. This, naturally, resulted in strained relations and rivalry between the two superpowers. Despite the many difficulties, American policy of containment during the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War did manage to contain the expansion of CommunismRead MoreThe United Nations949 Words   |  4 Pagesyears following World War II, Korea and Vietnam were controlled by foreign powers, Japan in Korea and France in Vietnam; and once these major powers withdrew both Korea and Vietnam faced the involvement of an impending and neighboring Soviet Union. These two major international conflicts during the twentieth century can be compared and contrasted on four points: the background of the wars, the situation of United States in each war, and the situation during and results each war. Though separated byRead MoreThe United States Of World War II975 Words   |  4 PagesStates of America entered into World War II, because of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (World War II). On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (World War II). By the end of the attack, there were 2,403 dead, 188 destroyed planes, and 8 damaged or destroyed battleship s (Attack at Pearl Harbor). Franklin Roosevelt said that American must become â€Å"the great arsenal of democracy† (World War II). America then entered into the war at the Battle of Midway in April 1942

Media on Australian Politics for Radio and Internet- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedia on Australian Politics for Radio and Internet. Answer: Introduction Media is a pool of communication mechanisms such as newspaper, television, radio, film, and internet that relay information to the targeted group on various subjects such as the business, politics, and many others. Politics is part and parcel of human life, since political powers determine multiple issues concerning the public, that are always disseminated adequately and in a faster manner to the public through the media platforms . Consequently, Political parties win or lose elections depending on the nature and channels used to mobilize and persuade people to support them; therefore, media as a form of communication has major roles in shaping the politics of various countries. Just like any other democratic country that offers freedom of speech, Australia politics is majorly influenced by the nature of the media operations and involvement in the politics. This paper explores whether the media has too much power in contemporary Australian politics, through examining the nature of th e media and relationship to the government, and the effects of proper usage of media by politicians during the campaign period. Role of Media on Politics Like any other country in the world, the Australians get information through the press as almost all the household contains set of television, radios and large populations are accessible to internet-enabled mobile phones .Media platforms such as television and radio form the basis of advertisement and coverage to various aspects (Elejalde, Ferres Herder 2018, p.18). Social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram , that attracts the attention of about 13 million users in Australia; therefore, forms the best platform for the distribution of the politician's messages to the targets groups. Many politicians use the Facebook as the campaign tool as shown by the review of Facebook performance during the election years. Most of the political wins are attributed to the effectiveness of the campaign, coverage, the coverage, therefore, is dictated by the mode of transmitting the information, and the number targets by various politicians. Media platforms also acts as the main source of political intelligence to the voters in Australia in multiple ways such as exclusive and one-on-one interviews, television ads, and coverage of staged rallies and use of social media platforms such as Facebook. History of Australian Media The Australian press has an extensive history with newspaper as the first media platforms that have improved to about 12 Australian national newspapers, 34 daily newspapers and over 450 periodically published gazettes in different regions of Australia (ODonnel 2010, p.266). The common and widely read Australian newspapers include, The Australian Financial Review, Sydney Morning Herald, and The Age making accessibility to about 66% of the total population of Australia. Television was the second media platform that found its ways into the most of the Australians homes as the first record of a watched television channel was the New South Wales-Victoria in the year of 1956, and later northern Australia found access to television in the year 1971. Currently, about 25% of the Australian communities are accessible to the TVs. The three networks that are Seven Network control the Australian TV, network ten and Nine Network allowing a large proportion of people of about 92% of the total population to access free-to-air television channels Radio channels became daily part of the Australians many years after the first introduction in 1932 with the Talkback radio in Melbourne by Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The ABC has evolved into numerous radio channels of about 264. Hence 72% of the total population listens to any of the radio stations. With the technological advancement, Facebook becomes the largest social media platform in Australia with about of 13 million active users, followed by the Instagram users of about 10 million users. All these numerous media platforms tend to reach larger part of the Australian community hence a good tool for the politicians to campaign. The great debates organized by the television and the radio channels to host the politician tend to put the politician under pressure to perform and even be accountable. The growth has been facilitated by the independence and the democracy of the country that allows free ownership and broadcasting. Australia Politics and Media Australian Politics is reported as one of the full topics covered by the Australian media, and each media presents the news in different ways that eventually influence the nature, action, and thinking of both the politician and the voters. However, there is a low percentage of Australians of about 4% that are active participators of politics as compared to the 45% of the people participating in sports meaning that large number of people are accessible to social media and are not active politicians or followers of politics (Boulu Dowding 2014,p.698). Therefore, any politician that uses the media successfully then is in a better position than the opponent. The Australian media loses control over most of the political publications after the government review of the policies and control on the media. The Australian media has been in the limelight of providing biases in reporting the political news as explained by the Chomsky and Herman propaganda model theory (Price 2013, p.522). According to the propaganda theory, the size, ownership, profit orientation of large media corporations, and the public are manipulated politically. The full ownership of the media houses dictates independency allowing the media to report any political information irrespective of the political party (Dimova 2012, p.70). Harman and Chomsky (1994) who explored the effect of the propaganda theory on the Australian politics, stated further that mass media comes into a relationship that symbiotic with sources of information that are powerful as a result of the economic needs and reciprocity of interests. The propaganda model bases on the difference on the distribution of wealth and power and the impacts on the interest and choices that are determined by the availability of money. The amount of money released to certain media tends to filter out the messages that reach the readers and subscribers hence establishing the social, economic, and political policies. Several big Australian corporations such as the News Corporation have taken over the small companies having full domination of information that eventually determine the biases of the messages sent to the public that would not destroy the financial status of the companies (Kefford 2013, p.139). For example, during the 2013 Australian Election, major Australians newspapers supported the liberal party hence compromised the role of media putting the movement in check. Australia as other countries is considered as a democratic country that allows the public to receive political information as correct as possible as the politics is part of todays life and media(Ruijer Martinius 2017, p.240). Democracy should allow critics of the power from the public. The Fourth Estate as attributed by Edmund Burke dictates that media provides the public with diverse and unbiased political information as the public after the previous states that are king, clergy, and the commoners (McGarrity 2011, p.273-274). The public is considered as the most determinant of the existing political parties; however, this has changed in Australia. Most of the Australia newspapers are currently under the control of the profit urge, that is too paramount to the politicians and government, therefore fail to be the peoples watchdog as required (Whitten-Woodering James 2012, p.129). Australian media ability to organize various debates such as the leaders debate, during campaign periods allows the political parties and the politicians to have the opportunity to scrutinize the ability and responsibilities of each leader that are vying. The Australian government uses millions of shillings to manage the media coverage of the activities for example; more than 4000 journalists worked for the Australian state and the federal government a figure that is much above of the number of employees of the ABC, the biggest media employee that has only 700 staffs. The 2013 Australian election culminated a remarkable period of the Australian politics as the Liberal Party dismisses the Labor party out of the government (Vromen Gauja 2016, p.358). The win came as a result of the Liberal party spending of about $ 6.75 million on the broadcasting of the partys manifesto and political events during the campaign period, unlike the Labor Party that broadcasting expenditure was estimated to be about $4(McDougall 2014, p.293). As much as both parties had highly professionalized campaign strategies, the difference in the spending on the media platforms resulted in the change of the government (McAllister, Sheppard Bean 2015, p.336). Politic al campaigns are very vital for the legislative powers in every country, and the media to persuade and mobiles own supporters for the parties must always cover all these campaigns (Tate 2014, p.443). With the unavailability of such unbiased information, then criticism from the public is also limited hence the failure of the media to perform the roles as depicted in the Fourth Estate. The move by the government to regulate the airwaves in Australia dates back to 1930s during license issuing by the federal government. The license issued under specific conditions such limiting the media ownership to one type in a given market such as print, television, and radio(ODonnell 2010, p. 267). The rules also abolished the ownership of more than two TV stations to one that led to terms such as the queen of the screen, and the prince of the print (Melleusish 2015, p.723). The rules limited the percentage of coverage of the media to the Australians and led to the monopoly of the big corporations that did not even allow the growth of the small press even after the rules of ownership were changed. The rectified government rules and regulations tend to put both the media practitioners and the politician accountable for their actions. However, a challenge is always experienced when action is needed to be taken in the interest of the public, as most of the activities are always inc onsistent with the public affairs resulted into rocky relationship between politicians and the media. The rules allow the parliament to censor media houses that contradict the freedom of publication; this minimizes the accountability of both the government and politician. The Communication Theory that dictates the relationship between the journalists and the politicians governed by the mutually accepted terms explores these limitations (Monata 2017, p.70). The theory operated by putting the information supplier into the most positive position and the opponent in the most negative situation, hence allowing other politicians to outdo their opponents in the TV and radio debates (Boulu Dowding 2014, p.702). In most cases, the opponents are always silenced by the elimination of the views and sources that forms the basis of energy. Conclusion From the above discussion on the role of media and the relationship of power and media then it is conclusive that media has much influence on the contemporary politics in Australia. As much as the Australian government revised the regulations that limited the media ownership, still to reach the population who are the voters and primary determinants of the winner and the loser, the politicians, and the government has to use the media platforms as the mode of persuasion and mobilization. High numbers of Australians are accessible to different media platforms, but yet a few numbers are in the bracket of the active politics, creating the need to reach them and the activities such as leaders debates, shapes the nature of politics. It is also seen that the amount of expenditure by a political party on the media platforms determines the results; this is observed when the Liberal party that spent most dismissed the Labor Party from the control since the former had a considerable area of political campaign coverage through the media platforms. List of References Boulus, P, Dowding, K 2014, 'The press and issue framing in the Australian mining tax debate', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 49, 4, pp. 694-710, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Dimova, G 2012, 'Who Criticizes the Government in the Media? The Symbolic Power Model', Observatorio (OBS*), 6, 1, pp. 63-85, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Elejalde, E, Ferres, L, Herder, E 2018, 'On the nature of real and perceived bias in the mainstream media', Plos ONE, 13, 3, pp. 1-28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Kefford, G 2013, 'The Presidentialisation of Australian Politics? Kevin Rudd's Leadership of the Australian Labor Party', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 48, 2, pp. 135-146, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Manata, P 2017, 'The Conversational Theory of Moral Responsibility and Mckenna's Interdependence Thesis', Philosophical Quarterly, 67, 266, pp. 61-83, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. McAllister, I, Sheppard, J, Bean, C 2015, 'Valence and spatial explanations for voting in the 2013 Australian election', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 50, 2, pp. 330-346, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. McDougall, D 2014, 'The Australian Federal Election of 7 September 2013: A Watershed?', Round Table, 103, 3, pp. 289-299, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. McGarrity, N 2011, 'Fourth estate or government lapdog? The role of the Australian media in the counter-terrorism context', Continuum: Journal Of Media Cultural Studies, 25, 2, pp. 273-283, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Melleuish, G 2015, 'Australian politics in the Australian Journal of Political Science : A review', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 50, 4, pp. 719-734, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018 O'Donnell, P 2010, 'Introduction: Internationalising Australian Media History', Historical Journal Of Film, Radio Television, 30, 3, pp. 265-268, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Price, E 2013, 'Social media and democracy', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 48, 4, pp. 519-527, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Ruijer, E, Martinius, E 2017, 'Researching the democratic impact of open government data: A systematic literature review', Information Polity: The International Journal Of Government Democracy In The Information Age, 22, 4, pp. 233-250, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Tate, JW 2014, 'Paul Keating and leadership: Was the personal political?', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 49, 3, pp. 439-454, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Vromen, A, Gauja, A 2016, 'The study of Australian politics in the 21st century: a comment on Melleuish', Australian Journal Of Political Science, 51, 2, pp. 355-360, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018. Whitten-Woodring, J, James, P 2012, 'Fourth Estate or Mouthpiece? A Formal Model of Media, Protest, and Government Repression', Political Communication, 29, 2, pp. 113-136, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2018.

Making India Work Summary

In his book, â€Å"making India work†, William Nanda Bissell has endeavored to directly confront the poverty facing India by recognizing the enormous potential that the country has at its disposal. This is in spite of the high levels of grinding poverty that afflict more than 60 percent of the population. As Bissell has rightly observed, India is not a poor country. Instead, we ought to blame the poor management structures in the country for the problems that we are now faced with (Bissell, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making India Work: Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Bissell has pointed out that India considers itself to be a superpower, and yet well over 60% of the country’s population is faced with grinding poverty. The transformative ideas that Bissell proposes are intended to ensure wealth generation at the grassroots level, as opposed to relying on a trickle-do wn effect. One cannot help but observe how Bissell’s book is an attempt to provide solutions to the problems that been forecasted by Mahatma Gandhi in his fundamental principles of living. According to Gandhi, need, as opposed to greed, ought to constitute the foundation of all forms of consumptions and in light of this, he made a clarion call for suitably scaled institutions, that is, locally decentralize institutions that can easily be access by the people. In addition, he also warns us against blindly imitating the consumption and industrialization patterns that are a characteristic of the western nations. In his book, Bissell has endeavored to capture four fundamental ideas: Scaling down government Bissell proposes the adoption of a government structure that consists of four levels. In this case, Bissell recommends that the community should constitute the fundamental and active unit of government, effectively replacing the Panchayats (Bissell, 2010). Bissell proposes that the community should be made up of 25,000 people. In addition, he has also recommended that districts should be replaced by a group of 100 communities, or what he refers to as an Area. Moreover, a collection of 10 Areas would effectively replace the state. At the highest level of these 4 stages of structural governance is the Nation (Bissell, 2010). Bissell has advocated for a simplification of the government, in addition to ensuring that its roles are reduced by way of setting standards, individual rights, and monitoring and regulating compliance. Furthermore, Bissell asserts that this structure would be most ideal in helping to reduce the bureaucracy that characterizes the Indian government. At the moment, there are 22 million strong government servants and Bissell is convinced that this figure should be reduced to 2 million government servants. Ending poverty The Indian government has assumed a scattered approach in its quest to alleviate poverty. As a result, only a fraction of the financial assistance really reaches the intended beneficiaries. As a result, a majority of the Indian shall still remain poor. In order to end the poverty cycle, Bissell recommends the adoption of a voucher system, one that he has called Targeted Catalysts.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the Targeted Catalyst would ensure that each individual is guaranteed of receiving six fundamental services namely, drinking water, nutrition, healthcare, sewage disposal, education, and legal assistance (Bissell, 2010). The private sectors would be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that these essential services are provided to those in need, for purposes of increasing effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, Indians in need of these vital services would receive the vouchers from the government and present them to the private service providers, who would then have to be reimbursed for the services provided by the government (Bissell, 2010). Further, Bissell has recommended that the reimbursement value should be pegged on the quality rating of such a private providers, meaning that those who are in a position to provide better services also receive better pay. Tax simplification The prevailing excesses of taxes namely, capital gains tax, incomes tax, excise duty, and sales tax, among others, often times discourage productivity. In addition, a high collection and compliance cost is often attached to these taxes (Bissell, 2010). In a bid to overcome these shortcomings, Bissell has proposed the adoption of a simple system of taxation that is primarily based on property tax that is an annual rate of one percent on the value of property, to be collected by communities. Bissell further contends that even as the prevailing tax system has the potential to realize approximately $120 billion in terms of annual revenue, nonetheless, the proposed new system has the potential to realize a total annual revenue collection of $300 billion at a lesser cost than that accrued by the current system of taxation (Bissell, 2010). In addition, Bissell argues that embracing the proposed new system of revenue collection would ensure that the community government becomes empowered since most of the revenues collection, along with a spending of the same on the identified Targeted Catalysts would effectively occur at the Community level. The Real Cost Bissell has endeavored to unearth the underlying cause of the failure by the modern day capitalist nations. In this regard, he argues that today’s capitalism has not succeeded in placing the deserved value on the real cost of production, such as the environmental cost of producing products, the actual cost of production, as well as the cost of disposal (Bissell, 2010). As a result, Bissell argues that there is need to take into account the real cost of a product when we are computing its pricing. In t he same way, as citizens, access to clean water and air constitutes the basic human rights and as such, we are entitled to these. Bissell has also observed that environmental exchanges shall enable those communities that have invested in clean water, biodiversity and forest to trade credits with their counterparts who are still aging behind.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making India Work: Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, this shall translate into increased investment in efforts to ensure greener environments (Bissell, 2010). Besides, Bissell has also presented a worked out transition and National Asset Corporation plan that would make use of the public sector assets value for purposes of financing government downsizing efforts, along with other transition costs. Reflection Bissell has managed to accurately diagnose the challenges facing India. For example, he has vividly managed to illus trate how mere talk on sustainability, poverty alleviation and inclusive growth may not actually succeed until our governance, political, welfare, justice economics, development and planning systems have all been fundamentally transformed. There is need to appreciated the fact that India should not be compared with a machine that require re-engineering. The recommendations provided by Bissell are too prescriptive, not to mention that they almost solely rely on rational thinking, economics concepts, and design and engineering, and have failed to take into account the cultural, emotional sociological and relationships aspects. For instance, Bissell is convinced that if the right system has been implemented, individuals and communities alike shall rationally and automatically work hard in order to ensure maximization, in addition to ensuring that the accruing benefits are equitably shared. In yet another example, Bissell has recommended that the community and state boundaries be reorga nized on the basis of the overall population, with little or no regard fro linguistic, ethnic, and cultural identities. Even as Bissell’s suggestion still remains a logical and fundamental one, nonetheless, he has abhorrently misjudged the potential ensuring emotional responses. Bissell should have considered the significance attached to emotional and cultural identities that simultaneously â€Å"empower† and â€Å"divide† and â€Å"hold a system together†. Group behavior is characterized by various unique elements, such as the issue of systemic influences, individual vs. collective morality, and downward causation, among others. Apparently, in deriving his solutions to ensuring that India works, Bissell has somewhat ignored these aspects. Bissell has also been seen to assume a â€Å"mechanistic† view of the systems. In this regard, he has sought to view the various systems in the Indian government and government as machines capable of being disman tled, re-engineered or assembled. Nonetheless, it is important to appreciate the fact that the proposal by Bissell to downsize the various economic and governance systems in India is not only a relevant undertaking, but also one that would result in increased transparency and enhanced service delivery. Change is painful and as such, there is often the urge to resist it. However, through a redesigning of the subsystems and systems in India, this would effectively acts as a stepping stone towards the transformation of India into a prosperous and sustainable nation. Reference Bissell, W. N. (2010). Making India Work. New Delhi: Penguin Books.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Making India Work: Summary was written and submitted by user Giovanni F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Music, Music, and More Music essays

Music, Music, and More Music essays Since I was young, music has already been my passion. As I travel down memory lane, I can see that music has become part of every bit of my life from being a die-hard fanatic of certain bands, a desperate singer and dancer and even an aspiring musician. Until now, these musical passions have still continued to live and have established a strong bond with my heart which is difficult to detach from. I am definitely someone whom you can call a music lover or maybe even way beyond just loving music, a self-confessed victim of musical obsession. When it comes to music, I am very much addicted to it. Its the kind of feeling that you get when you put on your earphones and when some emo-punk music starts to play, the beat of the song just gets down into your veins, travels into your brain and tells you to do nothing else but get into the music. The whole addiction process really gives me a feeling of being high as I sing my way with the music being played trying to emote and feel as if Im the one singing. And as I try to rest my ears from all the sound by taking off the earphones, they just get plugged into my ears as if they are connected to my veins. Another thing that makes me an addict is my desire of grooving with the music. When some hip-hop dance music begins to play, the beat immediately strikes the impulse on my arms, legs and body and makes me want to groove like Michael Jackson. The music just hits me in a spark, starts my engine, and then I just go with the beat. Dancing with the music is really very exciting but the problem is I dont have the brakes to stop myself from the fun. I feel like my whole body is being manipulated by the music just like a string puppet. Aside from singing and dancing, I also find myself obsessed with musical instruments. My love for instruments started when I first had my piano lessons back in grade school. It was then that I felt like Beethoven. Then...

8 Simple Rules for Russian Verb Conjugation

8 Simple Rules for Russian Verb Conjugation Russian verbs change according to their tense, person, and number. This guide to Russian verb conjugation provides basic rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present tense. The Russian present tense is simpler than the English present tense, as there is only one present tense verb form. To illustrate this point, consider the sentence Ã'  Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'Ž. This statement can mean I read, I have been reading, or I am reading. Thanks to this simplified present tense, basic verb conjugation in Russian is easier than you might expect. Follow these eight steps to begin conjugating Russian verbs. Rule 1: Russian Verb Forms Russian verbs have six forms in the present tense: 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person, all of which can be singular or plural. The verb ending tells us the point of view (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and the number (singular/plural) of the verb. Rule 2: Verb Conjugation Groups There are two groups of verb conjugation in Russian: first conjugation and second conjugation. First conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). Second conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚).   Rule 3: How to Check a Conjugation Group There are two ways to determine a verbs conjugation group. First, look at the personal ending if it is under stress: Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'‚, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (first conjugation)Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'‚ (second conjugation) Second, if the personal ending is not stressed, look at the suffix before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å' in the infinitive form of the verb and follow these steps. Put the verb in its infinitive, e.g. Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ - Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Check which vowel comes before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å'. For example: in Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', it is Ã' .Use these rules to determine whether the verb is first or second conjugation. Rule 4: Endings in Second Conjugation Verbs Second conjugation verbs are: All verbs ending in -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' in their infinitive form (exceptions: Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å')7 verbs ending with -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'4 verbs ending with -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'All derivatives of these verbs, e.g. Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å' Rule 5: Endings in First Conjugation Verbs First Conjugation verbs are those that in their infinitive form end in -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 6: How to Remember The Correct Conjugation Group Heres a helpful poem to remember which verbs are in the second conjugation group. КÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ¶Ã µ Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐžÃ'‚Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã' Ãâ€™Ã' Ã µ Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‹, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ° –Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',ИÃ' Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð  Ð µÃ'‰Ð µ: Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 7: Finding The Stem To find the stem of a verb, take away the last letter from the first person singular form of the verb (Ã' ). For example, Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Next, take off the last three letters the ending from the second person singular form of the verb (Ã'‚Ã'‹). For example, Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Finally, compare the two results. If they are the same, either result is the stem. If they are not the same, then the second result is the stem. Rule 8: Attaching The Ending Take the stem of your verb (Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' ) and find the correct ending based on the verbs conjugation group. If it is a first conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). If it is a second conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚). Exceptions Some verbs are conjugated with endings from both the first and the second conjugation forms. For example: Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ' (ya khaCHOO) - I wantÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty KHOchysh) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ (on / aNA KHOchyt) - he / she wantsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ¼ (my khaTEEM) - we wantÐ ²Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy khaTEEty) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚ (aNEE khaTYAT) - they want Ã'  Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ' (ya byeGOO) - I am running / I runÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty byeZHYSH) - you (singular / familiar) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA byZHYT) - he / she is running / he / she runsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã ¼ (my byZHYM) - we are running / we runÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy byZHYty) - you (plural) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (aNEE byGOOT) - they are running / they run First Conjugation Example Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' (gooLYAT) - to walk, to strollÐ ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'  - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž (ya gooLYAyu) - I am walking / I walkÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty gooLYAysh) - you (singular / familiar) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ (on/aNA gooLYAyt) - he / she is walking / he/ she walksÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ ¼ (my gooLYAyim) - we are walking / we walkÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ (vy gooLYAytye) - you (plural) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (aNEE gooLYAyut) - they are walking / they walk Second Conjugation Examples Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å' (dySHAT) - to breatheÐ ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' (ya dySHOO) - I am breathing / I breatheÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty DYshysh) - you (singular / familiar) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA DYshyt) - he / she is breathing / he / she breathesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¼ (my DYshym) - we are breathing / we breatheÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy DYshytye) - you (plural) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚ (aNEE DYshut) - they are breathing / they breathe Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' (VEEdyt) - to seeÐ ²Ã ¸Ã ´ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ¶Ã'Æ' (ya VEEzhoo) - I am seeing / I see*Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' - you (singular / familiar) are seeing/ you seeÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚ - he / she is seeing / he / she seesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼ - we are seeing / we seeÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ - you (plural) are seeing / you seeÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚ - they are seeing / they see (*Please note that in some verbs, consonants positioned before the personal endings can change. Here, Ð ´ changes to Ð ¶ in first person singular.)

Efficient Markets hyphotesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Efficient Markets hyphotesis - Essay Example This simple concept has remarkable repercussions for the financial markets and investors alike. In this paper we will talk about the efficient market hypothesis in great detail with reference to technical and fundamental analysis. We will talk about market efficiency and types of market efficiencies. The concepts of ‘random walk’ and ‘fair game model’ will also be discussed. In the end test and studies conducted to prove the efficient market hypothesis will be presented alongside with the conclusion. The efficient market hypothesis proposes that assets in financial markets are priced after taking all the public information available into account. This means that people might not be able to earn abnormal profit consistently for a long period of time. Efficient market hypothesis entails that investors cannot earn more than the average market returns by taking similar risk exposure as the market. This hypothesis therefore suggests that markets are efficient inf ormation wise and all the public information about an asset is perfectly reflected in the market. An obvious consequence of efficient market hypothesis, if accepted, is that markets always go towards equilibrium and this in turn means that financial markets are rational in general. Critics of efficient market hypothesis tend to dispute the ‘rationality of the markets’ as they feel that this hypothesis is not able to explain market crashes (Fox, 2009). If market is overall rational then all investors should immediately.

Black and white people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Black and white people - Essay Example Booker T. Washington comes into the public spotlight for the first time to present key note speeches as a great crusader for the civilization of the Negroes. Initially the colored people thought that his driving force was anti whites crusade ,so the showed him love and cheered him with the expectation that he would curse and put deeper demonizing of the whites ,however he had surprise for all, whites and the colored ,because his ideas were clearly cemented on the need of friendship and support from both groups and the cooperation between the races. His dreams and desires were that the colored and the poor be accorded equal chance in life and that they correlate in equal measures as their white brothers and as members of a universal race. The ascendancy of Booker T. Washington came at a time when the country was recovering from war and the concentration had shifted to the development of the country’s economy and there was the sense of unknowing and hesitation on how to handle the sons of the freedmen. Mr. Washington understood the dealings of the south since his birth days and all of his actions and ideas were geared at the benefiting of the population from the south and the north in equal measure. The wisdom and love employed by the education system used by this Negro crusader left many his enemies confused and developed him and his ideas into a cult. Even though there was the development of some individuals becoming anti his ideologies and attempting all means of changing the minds of people from him, the logics and general benefits of his ideas made his work to acquire tremendous gains among the whites and the colored. Despite the threats to his popularity arising from those against his ideologies to the whites i.e. dining with President Roosevelt, Mr. Washington continued undeterred to advocate for the accommodation of one another between the northerners and the southerners. This led to his recognition in all the aspects of the world

Political Issues with the Current Immigration Essay Example for Free

Political Issues with the Current Immigration Essay â€Å"In the wake of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. This new law abolished the national origins quota system and barred racial considerations from expressly entering into decisions about immigrant visas; it also imposed for the first time a ceiling (120,000) on migration from the Western Hemisphere.† (Johnson, 2006). Historical Framework for the Issue of Illegal Immigration Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress passed the first immigrant exclusion law restricting criminal and prostitutes, and followed up with the Japanese, Asian and Chinese. Even with this law in place the immigration still reached a record high of 1.3 million personnel in 1907. In 1965, Congress then passed the Immigration and Nationality Act amendments that ended the quota and initiated the concept of family sponsored immigration. In 1987, Congress enacted the Immigration Reform Control Act (IRCA) which authorized two programs to identify and legalize illegal immigrants who are able to document their entry into the U.S. prior to 1 January 1982 (America.gov Archive, 2003). The immigration migration is a phenomenon of crucial importance to the United States as long as the immigration guidelines and procedures are followed, but with the vast number of amendments being reconstructed and enacted by Congress, on almost a daily basis this put additional strain on our border patrol, government agencies, and our military forces who have been tasked to assist in the protection of the U.S./Mexico border alongside the local police officers. On October 1, 2004, Mr. Jim Gilchrist, U.S Vietnam Marine veteran, founded the multi-ethnic Minuteman Project after he had been frustrated dealing with the United States Government to enforce the immigration laws. The Minutemen, who formed the name from militiamen who fought in the American Revolution, has described themselves as â€Å"a citizen’s neighborhood watch on our border†,  and have continued to get the media attention on dealing with the illegal immigration issue plaguing the United States. The Minutemen organization has portrayed more of a negative connotation rather than the positive that they had initially strived for. On May 25, 2005 there was the Garden Grove Incident dealing with protestors. On October 4, 2006 they had the Columbia University incident where their stage was stormed by student protestors. The T-Shirt incident on April 6, 2005 in which minutemen had an old man poses with a racial discrimination T-shirt, and in August 2007 there was a fake murder video published by the organization (Sanchez, 2011). Even with this negativity, on April 28, 2005, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger praised the Minutemen Project on a Los Angeles radio station KFI. The issues of the constant illegal immigration border crossings, violence and murders on the borders of the immigrants and law enforcements officers, the immigration laws will continue to be pushed through Congress in order to keep our borders safe and ensure the diverse cultures visiting the United States are entering with the appropriate documentation instead of through the desert with a backpack, bottles of water, and for some, with bags of drugs. Is the Media Portrayal of biased or unbiased Illegal Immigration? On October 6, 2010, Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, announced that record numbers of deportations of criminal aliens, declaring that these figures have demonstrated that President Obama’s administration is focused on enforcing our immigration laws that prioritizes public safety a nd national security. One of the political issues on July 7, 2011, according to Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (2011), a memorandum was published entitled â€Å"Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits† which is also the entire product of the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) for the 2010 tax processing year (Impact on Taxpayers). Illegal immigration laws that are in place are not only bottlenecking the system, becoming costly to taxpayers and increasing the deficit, but the ranchers along the border are either having the illegals trespassing onto their land, destroying their fence line along the property, and on a few occasions ranchers have been killed. Mr. John Ladd, a rancher on the Southern border of Arizona, has a ranch sprawling over 14,000 acres between Mexico border and state highway 92. His ranch is the major corridor  for the smuggling of drugs and human beings into the United States. The border pat rol makes frequent arrests on the ranch, but most of those are released back into Mexico where they regroup and try again until they are successful (Gisorg, 2010). On average, one mile of border fence costs US taxpayers $4 million. Is it worth the expense? The measurements of this fence is 21 feet (6.4m) tall and 6 feet (1.8m) embedded into the ground, and cemented in a 3 foot (.91m) wide trench. With all of this material, manpower, monetary cost and security, on December 16, 2010, a video was shot showing two young American students visiting the border and on their first try, these girls made it to the top of the fence in less than eighteen seconds. How much time do you think it will take if you visit the beach of Tijuana and just swim out to the fence line and cross over? Does the public’s perception encourage or discourage prejudice, labeling or stereotyping? There are media commentaries that intentionally sensationalize the story being reported; it all depends on where their station ratings stand. Even unintentional biased reporting can be portrayed depending on what the listener’s views are on immigration. I cannot justify what their true intentions are, but as a viewer there are times when my perception is that they are not telling the full story, or the story is biased to the side of the populace majority. One of the best media outlets I’ve come across depicting the conflict between bordering countries was by the Coca-Cola Corporation. Two guards who are patrolling their border, walking back and forth along a stretch of about 15 feet with hatred and discontent showing on their faces not uttering a word. What brought these two cultures to a brief truce was a 16oz bottle of Coca-Cola (Gisorg, 2010). Even In the portrayal of the movie ‘Borders’ which depict the immigration issues with Mexico and the United States. Chris Burgards award winning television series takes an impartial look at the agonizing and complex issue of our southern U.S. border. This film fosters debate, open discussion, and hopefully a more balanced outlook towards a national problem that has polarized our nation.† (Rick Dixon, Star Tribune, 2011). During the viewing, you may perceive that all Hispanics are probably in this country illegally, drug runners or coyotes. This actually encourages hatred of most Hispanics because they are perceived the same as terrorist in this land. This show demonstrates how individuals should be fighting again crime and illegal immigration of all  types, and the question you should be asking yourself is if you believe in your government, and what is the true border between justice and crime. Does this issue affect the U.S. economy and labor force? Presently illegal immigrants arriving into country are taking advantage of the job workforce that average Americans deem beneath them. They are willing to take on those jobs that we perceive as demeaning, and underpaid. Due to this immigration issue, the United States, as paid over $4.2 billion dollars towards labor for the illegal immigrants and over $100 billion each year on medical, housing and education. According to the Arizona state treasurer Dean Martin, they are losing between $1.3 and $2.5 billion each year on illegal immigrant on incarceration, education and their families. This does not account for the legal services that are provided through the court system. As a manager, what inclusion strategies would be implemented? When dealing with the issues of illegal immigration and the media coverage as a manager, there are strategies that can be utilized to foster a collaborative working environment for employees. Coordinate with Human Resources to schedule diversity and equal opportunity training, plan a quarterly cultural luncheon/potluck, and during each holiday ensure there are decorations representing every culture in your organization and allow those individuals to explain what each trinket means. When dealing with stereotyping, encourage employees to ask questions concerning that cultural difference they don’t understand or have perceptions about. Most organizations will have a media device placed in the office, and employees will hear of negative connotations dealing with the diverse groups around the United States. If listening to these stories makes you stop and think, then it will also make you wonder about that culture. Not all individuals in are the same, and not all cultures are radical, illegal immigrants or a threat. Conclusion The media is the media is the media. As long as there is conflict it will be reported to the masses. Illegal immigrants and immigration laws are tied to the hip and will always be part of society and culture. Unless the United takes a lesson from the 1981 television show called ‘Escape from New York’,  produced by John Carpenter, place a twenty-five foot solid cement wall that is fifteen feet thick around the state. There will always be illegal immigrants either from Mexico, Cuba, and other countries seeking domicile in the United States. References America.gov Archive. (2003). The Immigration Act of 1965. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/April/20080423214226eaifas0.9637982.html Canoy, M., Beutin, R., Horath, A., Hubert, A., Lerais, F., Smith, P., Sochacki, M. (2006, September 10). Migration and public perception. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/policy_advisers/publications/docs/bepa_migration_final_09_10_006_en.pdf Gemano, R. P. (2010, December 16). 2 Girls Undermine US Border Strategy in Under 18 Seconds [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHjKBjM1ngwfeature=related Gisorg. (2010, August 9). Gaming the Border: A Report from Cochise County, Arizona [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRof_dizXH4 Johnson, K. R. (2006). The History of Racial Exclusion in the US Immigration Laws. Retrieved from http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr09.htm Morgenstern, M. (2011). TheBlaze. Retrieved from http://www.theblaze. com/stories/govt-audit-illegal-immigrants-received-4-2-billion-in-tax-credits-last-year/ Pemberton, J. S. (2011, February 3). Coca-Cola Border [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-STkFCCrus Sanchez, C. (2011). HATEWATCH. Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2007/08/13/new-video-appears-to-show-vigilante-border-murder/ Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (2011). Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits. Retrieved from http://Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits

Organizational Behavior: Terminology and Concepts :: essays research papers

Organizational Behavior: Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations today often encourage change to better the work environment. However, these changes often cause unwanted results which were not expected. This leads us to observe organizational behavior (OB) in hopes of minimizing unwanted and/or negative changes within an organization. Organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, and organizational learning are all factors within an organization. These terms must first be defined in order to create a truly more efficient work environment. Centrix Financial ensures their growth and success by establishing an effective pattern which includes all of the factors of organizational behavior. Organizational behavior is defined as â€Å"the study of individuals and groups in organizations†. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, p. 2) This definition helps us to better understand the organizational behavior which businesses practice on a day-to-day basis. At Centrix Financial, organizational behavior is helps managers implement new ideas. This is done by observing the changes which must be made in order to achieve a more productive and successful organization. Organizational culture is defined as â€Å"the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. In the business setting, this system is often referred to as the corporate culture. Just as no two individual personalities are the same, no two organizational cultures are identical.† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, p. 2) Communication within the organizational behavior helps with many aspects of an organization. First, open-communication allows employees to feel respected and valued because they can walk into their manager’s office and discuss any thoughts he or she may be have. Second, communication ensures that all problems are dealt with and not over-looked. The third benefit to communication is that new ideas can be generated from anyone who wishes to help out the organization.

Context of Indigenous health Essay

Historical context and social determinants of Indigenous health There is a clear relationship between the social disadvantages experienced by Indigenous people and their current health status [1]. These social disadvantages, directly related to dispossession and characterised by poverty and powerlessness, are reflected in measures of education, employment, and income. Before presenting the key indicators of Indigenous health status, it is important, therefore, to provide a brief summary of the context within which these indicators should be considered. The historical context of Indigenous health Indigenous peoples generally enjoyed better health in 1788 than most people living in Europe [2][3][4][5][6]. They did not suffer from smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, venereal syphilis and gonorrhoea, diseases that were common in 18th century Europe. Indigenous people probably suffered from hepatitis B, some bacterial infections (including a non-venereal form of syphilis and yaws) and some intestinal parasites. Trauma is likely to have been a major cause of death, and anaemia, arthritis, periodontal disease, and tooth attrition are known to have occurred. The impact of these diseases at a population level was relatively small compared with the effects of the diseases that affected 18th century Europe. All of this changed after 1788 with the arrival of introduced illness, initially smallpox and sexually transmissible infections (gonorrhoea and venereal syphilis), and later tuberculosis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, and whooping cough [3][4][7][8]. These diseases, particularly smallpox, caused considerable loss of life among Indigenous populations, but the impacts were not restricted to the immediate victims. The epidemic also affected the fabric of Indigenous societies through depopulation and social disruption. The impact of introduced diseases was almost certainly the major cause of death for Indigenous people, but direct conflict and occupation of Indigenous homelands also contributed substantially to Indigenous mortality [7][9][10]. The initial responses of Indigenous people to the arrival of the First Fleet were apparently quite peaceful. It didn’t take long, however, before conflict started to occur – initially over access to fish stocks and then over access to other resources as non-Indigenous people started to plant crops and introduce livestock. This pattern of conflict was almost certainly widespread as non-Indigenous people spread across the country. Conflict escalated in many places, in some instances resulting in overt massacres of Indigenous people. The 1838 massacre at Myall Creek (near Inverell, NSW) is the most infamous [11], but less well-known massacres occurred across Australia [10]. As Bruce Elder notes, as ‘painful and shameful as they are’, the massacres ‘should be as much a part of Australian history as the First Fleet, the explorers, the gold rushes and the bushrangers’ ([10], p. vi). Prior to 1788, Indigenous people were able to define their own sense of being through control over all aspects of their lives, including ceremonies, spiritual practices, medicine, social relationships, management of land, law, and economic activities [12][13][14]. In addition to the impacts of introduced diseases and conflict, the spread of non-Indigenous peoples undermined the ability of Indigenous people to lead healthy lives by devaluing their culture, destroying their traditional food base, separating families, and dispossessing whole communities [3][4][7]. This loss of autonomy undermined social vitality, which, in turn, affected the capacity to meet challenges, including health challenges; a cycle of dispossession, demoralisation, and poor health was established. These impacts on Indigenous populations eventually forced colonial authorities to try to ‘protect’ remaining Indigenous peoples. This pressure led to the establishment of Aboriginal ‘protection’ boards, the first established in Vic by the Aboriginal Protection Act of 1869 [15]. A similar Act established the NSW Aborigines Protection Board in 1883, with the other colonies also enacting legislation to ‘protect’ Indigenous populations within their boundaries. The ‘protection’ provided under the provisions of the various Acts imposed enormous restrictions on the lives of many Indigenous people. These restrictions meant that, as late as 1961, in eastern Australia ‘nearly one-third of all Australians recorded as being of Aboriginal descent lived in settlements’ ([16], p. 4). The provisions of the Acts were also used to justify the forced separation of Indigenous children from their families ‘by compulsion, duress or undue influence’ ([15], p. 2). The National Inquiry into the separation of the children concluded that ‘between one-in-three and one-in-ten Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities in the period from approximately 1910 until 1970’ ([15], p. 31). It was the 1960s, at the earliest, when the various ‘protection’ Acts were either repealed or became inoperative. The importance of contemporary social determinants and cultural concepts of Indigenous health The health disadvantages experienced by Indigenous people can be considered historical in origin [14], but perpetuation of the disadvantages owes much to contemporary structural and social factors, embodied in what have been termed the ‘social determinants’ of health [1][17][18]. In broad terms, economic opportunity, physical infrastructure, and social conditions influence the health of individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. These factors are specifically manifest in measures such as education, employment, income, housing, access to services, social networks, connection with land, racism, and incarceration. On all these measures, Indigenous people suffer substantial disadvantage. For many Indigenous people, the ongoing effects of ‘protection’ and the forced separation of children from their families compound other social disadvantages. It is also important in considering Indigenous health to understand how Indigenous people themselves conceptualise health. There was no separate term in Indigenous languages for health as it is understood in western society [19]. The traditional Indigenous perspective of health is holistic. It encompasses everything important in a person’s life, including land, environment, physical body, community, relationships, and law. Health is the social, emotional, and cultural wellbeing of the whole community and the concept is therefore linked to the sense of being Indigenous. This conceptualisation of health has much in common with the social determinants model and has crucial implications for the simple application of biomedically-derived concepts as a means of improving Indigenous health. The reductionist, biomedical approach is undoubtedly useful in identifying and reducing disease in individuals, but its limitations in addressing population-wide health disadvantages, such as those experienced by Indigenous people, must be recognised. Indicators of Indigenous social disadvantage. The key measures in these areas for Indigenous people nationally include: Education According to 2011 Australian Census [20]: 92% of 5 year-old Indigenous children were attending an educational institution 1. 6% of the Indigenous population had not attended school compared with 0. 9% of the non-Indigenous population 29% of Indigenous people reported year 10 as their highest year of school completion; 25% had completed year 12, compared with 52% of non-Indigenous people 26% of Indigenous people reported having a post-school qualification, compared with 49% of non-Indigenous people 4. 6% of Indigenous people had attained a bachelor degree or higher, compared with 20% of non-Indigenous people. An ABS school report [21] revealed, in 2011: the apparent retention rate for Indigenous students from year 7/8 to year 10 was 99%, from year 7/8 to year 12 it was 49% for non-Indigenous students, the apparent retention rate from year 7/8 to year 10 was 101%; and from year 7/8 to year 12 it was 81%. The 2011 national report on schooling in Australia [22] showed: 76% of Indigenous students in year 3 and 66% in year 5 were at or above the national minimum standard for reading, compared with 95% and 93% respectively of all Australian students 80% of year 3 Indigenous students and 69% of year 5 Indigenous students were at or above the national minimum standard for persuasive writing, compared with 96% of all year 3 students and 94% of all year 5 students 72% of year 3 Indigenous students and 69% of year 5. Indigenous students were at or above the national minimum standard for spelling, compared with 94% of all year 3 students and 93% of all year 5 students 71% of year 3 Indigenous students and 65% of year 5 Indigenous students were at or above the national minimum standard for grammar and punctuation, compared with 94% of all year 3 students and 94% of all year 5 students 84% of Indigenous students in year 3 and 75% in year 5 were at or above the national minimum standard for numeracy, compared with 96% and 96% respectively of all Australian students. Employment According to the 2011 Australian Census [20]: 42% of Indigenous people aged 15 years or older were employed and 17% were unemployed. In comparison, 61% of non-Indigenous people aged 15 years or older were employed and 5% were unemployed the most common occupation classification of employed Indigenous people was ‘labourer’ (18%) followed by ‘community and personal service workers’ (17%). The most common occupation classification of employed non-Indigenous people was ‘professional’ (22%). Income According to the 2011 Australian Census [20]: the mean equivalised gross household income for Indigenous persons was around $475 per week – approximately 59% of that for non-Indigenous persons (around $800). Indigenous population Based on information collected as a part of the 2011 Census of Population and Housing, the ABS has estimated the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population at 669,736 people at 30 June 2011 [23]. The estimated population for NSW was the highest (208,364 Indigenous people), followed by Qld (188,892), WA (88,277), and the NT (68,901) (Table 1). The NT has the highest proportion of Indigenous people among its population (29. 8%) and Vic the lowest (0. 9%). Table 1: Estimated Indigenous population, by jurisdiction, Australia, 30 June 2011 JurisdictionIndigenous population (number)Proportion of Australian Indigenous population (%)Proportion of jurisdiction population (%) Source: ABS, 2012 [23] Notes: Preliminary estimates are subject to revision; population projections are expected to be finalised by 2014 Australian population includes Jervis Bay Territory, the Cocos (Keeling). Islands, and Christmas Island Proportions of jurisdiction population have used total population figures estimated from demographic information for June 2011 NSW208,36431. 12. 9 Vic47,3277. 10. 9 Qld188,89228. 24. 2 WA88,27713. 23. 8 SA37,3925. 62. 3 Tas24,1553. 64. 7 ACT6,1670. 91. 7 NT68,90110. 329. 8. Australia669,736100. 03. 0 There was a 21% increase in the number of Indigenous people counted in the 2011 Census compared with the 2006 Census2 [24]. The largest increases were in the ACT (34%), Vic (26%), NSW (25%) and Qld (22%). For all jurisdictions, the 55 years and over age-group showed the largest relative increase. There are two ‘structural’ reasons contributing to the growth of the Indigenous population: the slightly higher fertility rates of Indigenous women compared with the rates of other Australian women (see ‘Births and pregnancy outcome’); and the significant numbers of Indigenous babies born to Indigenous fathers and non-Indigenous mothers. Two other factors are considered likely to have contributed to the increase in people identifying as Indigenous: changes in enumeration processes (i. e. more Indigenous people are being captured during the census process); and changes in identification (i. e. people who did not previously identify as Indigenous in the census have changed their response). Based on the 2011 Census, around 33% of Indigenous people lived in a capital city [25]. Detailed information about the geographic distribution of the Indigenous population for 2011 is not yet available, but figures from the 2006 Census indicated that the majority of Indigenous people lived in cities and towns [26]. Slightly more than one-half of the Indigenous population lived in areas classified as ‘major cities’ or ‘inner regional’ areas, compared with almost nine-tenths of the non-Indigenous population. (As well as these two classifications of ‘remoteness’ in terms of access to goods and services and opportunities for social interaction, the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) has four other categories: ‘outer regional’, ‘remote’, ‘very remote’, and ‘migratory’ [27]. ) Almost one-quarter of Indigenous people lived in areas classified as ‘remote’ or ‘very remote’ in relation to having ‘very little access to goods, services and opportunities for social interaction’ ([28], p. 3). Less than 2% of non-Indigenous people lived in ‘remote’ or ‘very remote’ areas [26]. In terms of specific geographical areas, more than one-half (53%) of all Indigenous people counted in the 2011 Census lived in nine of the 57 Indigenous regions (based largely on the former Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) regions) [25]. The three largest regions were in eastern Australia (Brisbane, NSW Central and the North Coast, and Sydney-Wollongong), which accounted for 29% of the total Indigenous population. According to the 2011 Census, around 90% of Indigenous people are Aboriginal, 6% are Torres Strait Islanders, and 4% people identified as being of both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent [25]. Around 63% of Torres Strait Islander people3 lived in Qld; NSW was the only other state with a large number of Torres Strait Islander people. The Indigenous population is much younger overall than the non-Indigenous population (Figure 1) [23]. According to estimates from the 2011 Census, at June 2011 about 36% Indigenous people were aged less than 15 years, compared with 18% of non-Indigenous people. About 3. 4% of Indigenous people were aged 65 years or over, compared with 14% of non-Indigenous people. Figure 1. Population pyramid of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 30 June 2011 Population pyramid of indigenous and non-indigenous populations, 2011 Source: ABS, 2012 [23] References Carson B, Dunbar T, Chenhall RD, Bailie R, eds. (2007) Social determinants of Indigenous health. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin Jackson LR, Ward JE (1999) Aboriginal health: why is reconciliation necessary?. Medical Journal of Australia; 170(9): 437-440 Butlin NG (1993) Economics and the dreamtime : a hypothetical history. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Campbell J (2002) Invisible invaders: smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press Webb S (2009) Palaeopathology of Aboriginal Australians: health and disease across a hunter-gatherer continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Anderson W (2007). The colonial medicine of settler states: comparing histories of Indigenous health. Health and History; 9(2): 144-154 Butlin NG (1983) Our original aggression : Aboriginal populations of southeastern Australia, 1788-1850. Sydney: Allen & Unwin Thomson N (1991) Tuberculosis among Aborigines. In: Proust AJ, ed. History of tuberculosis in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Canberra, ACT: Brolga Press: 61-67 Reynolds H (1982) The other side of the frontier: Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books Elder B (2003) Blood on the wattle: massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788. 3rd ed. Frenchs Forest, N. S. W: New Holland Harrison B (1978) The Myall Creek massacre. In: McBryde I, ed. Records of times past : ethnohistorical essays on the culture and ecology of the New England tribes. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies: 17-51 Howitt R (2001) Rethinking resource management : justice, sustainability and Indigenous peoples. London: Routledge Hunter E (1993) Aboriginal health and history: power and prejudice in remote Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Saggers S, Gray D (1991) Aboriginal health and society: the traditional and contemporary Aboriginal struggle for better health. North Sydney: Allen and Unwin National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families (1997) Bringing them home: report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families. Retrieved 17 November 2011 from http://www. humanrights. gov. au/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report. pdf Long JPM (1970) Aboriginal settlements: a survey of institutional communities in eastern Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press Marmot M (2004) The status syndrome: how social standing affects our health and longevity. New York: Holt Paperbacks Wilkinson R, Marmot M (2003) Social determinants of health: the solid facts. Denmark: World Health Organization National Aboriginal Health Strategy Working Party (1989) A national Aboriginal health strategy. Canberra: Department of Aboriginal Affairs Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Census of population and housing: characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2011. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) Schools, Australia, 2010. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (2011) National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy: achievement in reading, persuasive writing, language conventions and numeracy: national report for 2011. Sydney: Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Australian demographic statistics, March quarter 2012. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Yap M, Biddle N (2012) Indigenous fertility and family formation: CAEPR Indigenous population project: 2011 census papers. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Census of population and housing – counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2011. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) Population characteristics.

Epidemiology: Global and Public Health Essay

The purpose of this paper is to describe the history of public health, including pertinent dates and significant events and the different aspects of public and community-based health. Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals (Winslow, 1920). It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). The dimensions of health can encompass â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†, as defined by the United Nations World Health Organization. Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health servic e. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health and occupational health are other important subfields. The focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through the prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions, through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors. Promotion of hand washing and breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations, and the distribution of condoms to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases are examples of common public health measures. The origins of the Public Health Service can be traced to the passage of an act in 1798 that provided for the care and relief of sick and injured merchant seamen. Reorganization in 1870 converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The position of Supervising Surgeon (later Surgeon General) was created to administer the Service, and John Maynard Woodworth was appointed as the first incumbent in  1871. The commissioned officer corps (now known as the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service or the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps) was established by legislation in 1889. At first open only to physicians, over the course of the twentieth century, the Corps expanded to include veterinarians, dentists, Physician Assistants, sanitary engineers, pharmacists, nurses, sanitarians, scientists, and other health professionals. Quarantine was originally a state function rather than federal, but the National Quarantine Act of 1878 vested quarantine authority to the Marine Hospital Service and the National Board of Health. The National Board was not reauthorized by Congress in 1883 and its powers reverted to the Marine Hospital Service. Over the next half a century, the Marine Hospital Service increasingly took over quarantine functions from state authorities. As immigration increased dramatically in the late nineteenth century, the Federal Government also took over the proce ssing of immigrants from the states, beginning in 1891. Because of the broadening responsibilities of the Service, its name was changed in 1902 to the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, and again in 1912 to just the Public Health Service. As the century progressed, PHS commissioned officers served their country by controlling the spread of contagious diseases such as smallpox and yellow fever, conducting important biomedical research, regulating the food and drug supply, providing health care to underserved groups, supplying medical assistance in the aftermath of disasters, and in numerous other ways. Today the mission of the Commissioned Corps of the PHS is â€Å"Protecting, promoting, and advancing the health and safety of the Nation.† The Public Health Service Act of 1944 structured the United States Public Health Service (PHS) as the primary division of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), which later became the United States Department of Health and Human Services. As one of the United States seven uniformed services, the PHS Commissioned Corps fills public health leadership and service roles within federal government agencies and programs. The PHS Commissioned Corps includes officers drawn from many professions, including environmental and occupational health, medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, psychology, social work, hospital administration, health record administration, nutrition, engineering, science, veterinary, health information technology, and other health-related  occupations. Agencies within the Public Health Service are: * Administration for Children and Families (ACF) * Administration on Aging (AoA) * Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) * Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) * Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) * Federal Occupational Health (FOH) * Food and Drug Administration (FDA) * Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) * Indian Health Service (IHS) * National Institutes of Health (NIH) * Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) According to â€Å"CHHS† (2007), â€Å"The California Health and Human Services Agency (CHHS) oversees twelve departments and one board that provide a range of health care services, social services, mental health services, alcohol and drug treatment services, income assistance and public health services to Californians from all walks of life. Major programs include no-cost and low-cost health care coverage for low-income Californians (Medi-Cal); income support for the aged, blind or disabled (SSI/SSP); income support for CalWORKs recipients, low-cost public health insurance (Healthy Families) for children from working families. Other large programs administered by CHHS departments include food stamps, child welfare services, in-home supportive services, support for the developmentally disabled, foster care, mental health services, drug and alcohol treatment, and vocational rehabilitation. CHHS directly serves millions of Californians in health and human service programs, while touching the lives of all Californians through statewide efforts such as public health protection and emergency preparedness and response.† Public Health Nursing Practice is the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations. The focus of practice is the community as a whole and the effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the health of individuals, families, and groups. Care is provided within the context of preventing disease and disability, and promoting and protecting the health of the community as a whole (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). It is mainly composed of the following areas: Behavioral Science/Health Education, Biostatistics, Emergency Medical Services, Environmental Health, Epidemiology, Health Services Administration/Management, International/Global Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nutrition, Public Health Laboratory Practice, Public Health Policy, Public Health Practice (â€Å"What Is Public Health?†, n.d.). Community Health Nursing Practice is the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting, preserving, and maintaining the health of populations through the delivery of personal health care services to individuals, families, and groups. The focus of practice is to preserve the health of individuals, families, and groups and the effect of their health status on the health status of the community as a whole (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Community nursing works with the individual in hospitals, nursing homes, home healthcare, and hospice. Nurses in this field work in government and private agencies, clinics, and other private settings. They focus on populations, working with individuals, groups, and families to improve the overall health of communities. They educate about health care issues, disease prevention, nutrition, and childcare, and also work with community leaders, teachers, parents, and physicians in community health education. In conclusion, public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. Its’ vision is Healthy People in Healthy Communities. Its’ mission is to Promote Physical and Mental Health and Prevent Disease, Injury, and Disability. This is accomplished by preventing epidemics and the spread of disease; protecting against environmental hazards; preventing injuries; promoting and encouraging healthy behaviors; responding to disasters and assists communities in recovery; and, assures the quality and accessibility of health services. Through public education, health promotion and disease prevention, the public will have the opportunity to take control of their own personal health. Research and analysis help to guide recommendations and teaching. As new information is discovered, the teaching for health promotion changes. Public health is put into action by  legislation and political acts. Community healthcare may be for profit, nonprofit or government run healthcare delivery systems for individuals. Policy and recommendations are done through public health and delivered through community health. Public health nursing is vital to the health and well-being of the nation as a whole. References CHHS. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.chhs.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2008). Population-centered health care in the community (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. U.S. Department of Health &Human Services. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/about/ What is Public Health?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.whatispublichealth.org/what/index.html Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (1920 Jan 9). â€Å"The Untilled Fields of Public Health†. Science 51 (1306): 23–33).

Discuss how the film Schindlers List

Discuss how the film Schindlers List has effectively shaped your understanding of the meaning of aggression. Schindlers List, directed by Steven Spielberg is a probing film, which endeavours to show us the true meaning of aggression. There are many forms of aggression portrayed in this film: physical, psychological, abuse of power, and passive aggression. Spielberg chose to demonstrate these forms, in most cases, quite graphically, and some others in a subtly disturbing manner. Physical aggression is the most commonly depicted mode throughout the film. Physical aggression is, for the most part, equal to physical abuse. This can have serious effects upon a persons life. For example, it could leave their appearance significantly altered, thereby affecting the way they view themselves probably in a negative way. An example of physical aggression in Schindlers List would be the scene in which the womens hair is cut off at the Auschwitz camp. In this scene, the Jewish women are stripped of even their most basic feminine possession, a dehumanising act. The overbearing sounds of snipping scissors covers any minute murmuring to be heard. In our community, there are many couples existing where one partner physically abuses the other. That person can be cut, burned, or simply battered and bruised so badly that their physical appearance can be altered. This can leave a person with absolutely no self-esteem, making them feel worthless and unwanted. The form of physical aggression is definitely the most detrimental to a persons body and can even result in the extreme of the victims death. Schindlers List showed this form of aggression many times: each scene putting into perspective how much physical aggression can seriously break an individuals spirit. Psychological aggression is the next most common form portrayed in the film. Often teamed with physical aggression, it is ve...